1. Freedman N.D. et al. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. JAMA 2011. 306: 737.

2. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2004. 83: 1.

3. Brennan P. et al. Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2000. 86: 289.

4. Gandini S. et al. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2008. 122: 155.

5. Burger M. et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2013. 63: 234.

6. Chavan S. et al. International variations in bladder cancer incidence and mortality. Eur Urol 2014. 66: 59.

7. Colt J.S. et al. A case-control study of occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer risk among men. Occup Environ Med 2014. 71: 667.

8. Pesch B. et al. Screening for bladder cancer with urinary tumor markers in chemical workers with exposure to aromatic amines. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013.

9. Steinmaus C. et al. Increased lung and bladder cancer incidence in adults after in utero and early-life arsenic exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014. 23: 1529.

10. Buckland G. et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of bladder cancer in the EPIC cohort study. Int J Cancer 2014. 134: 2504.

11. Liu H. et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev 2015. 24: 508.

12. Vieira A.R. et al. Fruits, vegetables and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2015. 4: 136.

13. Zhao L. et al. Association of body mass index with bladder cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Oncotarget 2017. 8: 33990.

14. Tuccori M. et al. Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ 2016. 352: i1541.

15. Chrouser K. et al. Bladder cancer risk following primary and adjuvant external beam radiation for prostate cancer. J Urol 2005. 174: 107.

16. Nieder A.M. et al. Radiation therapy for prostate cancer increases subsequent risk of bladder and rectal cancer: a population based cohort study. J Urol 2008. 180: 2005.

17. Zelefsky M.J. et al. Incidence of secondary cancer development after high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy and image-guided brachytherapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012. 83: 953.

18. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Bladder Cancer in Adults: Recommendation Statement. June 2004. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Rockville MD, 2004.

19. Ferlay J. et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer 2013. 49: 1374.

20. Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Ervik M. et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11. Lyon: IARC; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr, accessed May 19, 2014.

21. Phillips B. et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick. March 2009.

22. Каприн А.Д., Старинский В.В., Петрова Г.В. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2017 году. Заболеваемость и смертность. Москва, 2018.

23. Chavan S. et al. International variations in bladder cancer incidence and mortality. Eur Urol 2014. 66: 59.

24. Brierley J.D. et al. TNM classification of malignant tumors. UICC International Union Against Cancer. 8^th edn. 2017, Oxford.

25. Jensen J.B. et al. Incidence of occult lymph-node metastasis missed by standard pathological examination in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. Scand J UrolNephrol 2011. 45: 419.

26. Mariappan P. et al. Good quality white-light transurethral resection of bladder tumours (GQ-WLTURBT) with experienced surgeons performing complete resections and obtaining detrusor muscle reduces early recurrence in new non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: validation across time and place and recommendation for benchmarking. BJU Int 2012. 109: 1666.

27. Moch H. et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. 4th ed. 2016, Lyon, France.

28. Otto W. et al. WHO 1973 grade 3 and infiltrative growth pattern proved, aberrant E-cadherin expression tends to be of predictive value for progression in a series of stage T1 high-grade bladder cancer after organ-sparing approach. Int UrolNephrol 2017. 49: 431.

29. van Rhijn B.W. et al. A new and highly prognostic system to discern T1 bladder cancer substage. Eur Urol 2012. 61: 378.

30. Mangrud O.M. et al. Reproducibility and prognostic value of WHO1973 and WHO2004 grading systems in TaT1 urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PLoS One 2014. 9: e83192.

31. Colombo R. et al. Feasibility and Clinical Roles of Different Substaging Systems at First and Second Transurethral Resection in Patients with T1 High-Grade Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus 2018. 4: 87.

32. May M. et al. Prognostic accuracy of individual uropathologists in noninvasive urinary bladder carcinoma: a multicentre study comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation classifications. Eur Urol 2010. 57: 850.

33. Comperat E. et al. An interobserver reproducibility study on invasiveness of bladder cancer using virtual microscopy and heatmaps. Histopathology 2013. 63: 756.

34. Soukup V. et al. Prognostic Performance and Reproducibility of the 1973 and 2004/2016 World Health Organization Grading Classification Systems in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A European Association of Urology Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel Systematic Review. Eur Urol 2017. 72: 801.

35. Sylvester R.J. et al. High-grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urology 2005. 66: 90.

36. Lamm D. et al. Updated concepts and treatment of carcinoma in situ. Urol Oncol 1998. 4: 130.

37. Witjes J.A. et al. Review pathology in a diagnostic bladder cancer trial: effect of patient risk category. Urology 2006. 67: 751.

38. Mari A. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of lymphovascular invasion in bladder cancer transurethral resection specimens. BJU Int 2018.

39. D'Andrea D. et al. Accurate prediction of progression to muscle-invasive disease in patients with pT1G3 bladder cancer: A clinical decision-making tool. Urol Oncol 2018. 36: 239.e1.

40. Kim H.S. et al. Presence of lymphovascular invasion in urothelial bladder cancer specimens after transurethral resections correlates with risk of upstaging and survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2014. 32: 1191.

41. Tilki D. et al. Lymphovascular invasion is independently associated with bladder cancer recurrence and survival in patients with final stage T1 disease and negative lymph nodes after radical cystectomy. BJU Int 2013. 111: 1215.

42. Comperat E. et al. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathological analysis of 72 cases. Pathology 2010. 42: 650.

43. Kaimakliotis H.Z. et al. Plasmacytoid variant urothelial bladder cancer: is it time to update the treatment paradigm? Urol Oncol 2014. 32: 833.

44. Willis D.L. et al. Micropapillary bladder cancer: current treatment patterns and review of the literature. Urol Oncol 2014. 32: 826.

45. Beltran A.L. et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of nested carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch 2014. 465: 199.

46. Soave A. et al. Does the extent of variant histology affect oncological outcomes in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy? Urol Oncol 2015. 33: 21. e1 - 9.

47. Masson-Lecomte A. et al. Oncological outcomes of advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer with a micropapillary variant after radical cystectomy and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. World J Urol 2015. 33: 1087.

48. Seisen T. et al. Impact of histological variants on the outcomes of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection. Curr Opin Urol 2014. 24: 524.

49. Willis D.L. et al. Clinical outcomes of cT1 micropapillary bladder cancer. J Urol 2015. 193: 1129.

50. Burger M. et al. Prediction of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer by WHO 1973 and 2004 grading and by FGFR3 mutation status: a prospective study. Eur Urol 2008. 54: 835.

51. Fristrup N. et al. Cathepsin E, maspin, Plk1, and survivin are promising prognostic protein markers for progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Am J Pathol 2012. 180: 1824.

52. Palou J. et al. Protein expression patterns of ezrin are predictors of progression in T1G3 bladder tumours treated with nonmaintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol 2009. 56: 829.

53. van Rhijn B.W. et al. The FGFR3 mutation is related to favorable pT1 bladder cancer. J Urol 2012. 187: 310.

54. Remy E. et al. A Modeling Approach to Explain Mutually Exclusive and Co-Occurring Genetic Alterations in Bladder Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2015. 75: 4042.

55. Dyrskjot L. et al. Prognostic Impact of a 12-gene Progression Score in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Multicentre Validation Study. Eur Urol 2017. 72: 461.

56. Marzouka N.A. et al. A validation and extended description of the Lund taxonomy for urothelial carcinoma using the TCGA cohort. Sci Rep 2018. 8: 3737.

57. Ramirez D. et al. Microscopic haematuria at time of diagnosis is associated with lower disease stage in patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer. BJU Int 2016. 117: 783.

58. Fossa S.D. et al. Clinical significance of the "palpable mass" in patients with muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy after pre-operative radiotherapy. Br J Urol 1991. 67: 54.

59. Wijkstrom H. et al. Evaluation of clinical staging before cystectomy in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: a long-term follow-up of 276 consecutive patients. Br J Urol 1998. 81: 686.

60. Ploeg M. et al. Discrepancy between clinical staging through bimanual palpation and pathological staging after cystectomy. Urol Oncol 2012. 30: 247.

61. Yafi F.A. et al. Prospective analysis of sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology and other urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2015. 33: 66. e25.

62. Tetu B. Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma from urine. Mod Pathol 2009. 22 Suppl 2: S53.

63. Raitanen M.P. et al. Differences between local and review urinary cytology in diagnosis of bladder cancer. An interobserver multicenter analysis. Eur Urol 2002. 41: 284.

64. Karakiewicz P.I. et al. Institutional variability in the accuracy of urinary cytology for predicting recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. BJU Int 2006. 97: 997.

65. Soria F. et al. An up-to-date catalog of available urinary biomarkers for the surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol 36: 1981.

66. Starke N. et al. Long-term outcomes in a high-risk bladder cancer screening cohort. BJU Int 2016. 117: 611.

67. Roobol M.J. et al. Feasibility study of screening for bladder cancer with urinary molecular markers (the BLU-P project). Urol Oncol 2010. 28: 686.

68. Babjuk M. et al. Urinary cytology and quantitative BTA and UBC tests in surveillance of patients with pTapT1 bladder urothelial carcinoma. Urology 2008. 71: 718.

69. Lokeshwar V.B. et al. Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology: International Consensus Panel on bladder tumor markers. Urology 2005. 66: 35.

70. Lotan Y. et al. Considerations on implementing diagnostic markers into clinical decision making in bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2010. 28: 441.

71. Hajdinjak T. UroVysion FISH test for detecting urothelial cancers: meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy and comparison with urinary cytology testing. Urol Oncol 2008. 26: 646.

72. Schlomer B.J. et al. Prospective validation of the clinical usefulness of reflex fluorescence in situ hybridization assay in patients with atypical cytology for the detection of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 2010. 183: 62.

73. Kamat A.M. et al. Prospective trial to identify optimal bladder cancer surveillance protocol: reducing costs while maximizing sensitivity. BJU Int 2011. 108: 1119.

74. van Rhijn B.W. et al. Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review. Eur Urol 2005. 47: 736.

75. Beukers W. et al. FGFR3 TERT and OTX1 as a Urinary Biomarker Combination for Surveillance of Patients with Bladder Cancer in a Large Prospective Multicenter Study. J Urol 2017. 197: 1410.

76. Critelli R. et al. Detection of multiple mutations in urinary exfoliated cells from male bladder cancer patients at diagnosis and during follow-up. Oncotarget 2016. 7: 67435.

77. van der Aa M.N. et al. Microsatellite analysis of voided-urine samples for surveillance of low-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: feasibility and clinical utility in a prospective multicenter study (Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up of Urinary Bladder Cancer trial [CEFUB]). Eur Urol 2009. 55: 659.

78. Roupret M. et al. A comparison of the performance of microsatellite and methylation urine analysis for predicting the recurrence of urothelial cell carcinoma and definition of a set of markers by Bayesian network analysis. BJU Int 2008. 101: 1448.

79. Todenhofer T. et al. Prognostic relevance of positive urine markers in patients with negative cystoscopy during surveillance of bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2015. 15: 155.

80. Kim P.H. et al. Reflex fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for suspicious urinary cytology in patients with bladder cancer with negative surveillance cystoscopy. BJU Int 2014. 114: 354.

81. Paner G.P. et al. Challenges in Pathologic Staging of Bladder Cancer: Proposals for Fresh Approaches of Assessing Pathologic Stage in Light of Recent Studies and Observations Pertaining to Bladder Histoanatomic Variances. Adv AnatPathol 2017. 24: 113.

82. Grignon D. et al. Carcinoma of the Bladder Histopathology Reporting Guide 1st Edition, 2018, International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), Sydney, Australia.

83. https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/#note_42 (Last access on October, 2019).

84. Kurth K.H. et al. Current methods of assessing and treating carcinoma in situ of the bladder with or without involvement of the prostatic urethra. Int J Urol 1995; 2 (Suppl 2): 8 - 22.

85. Krajewski W. et al. How different cystoscopy methods influence patient sexual satisfaction, anxiety, and depression levels: a randomized prospective trial. Qual Life Res 2017. 26: 625.

86. Aaronson D.S. et al. Meta-analysis: does lidocaine gel before flexible cystoscopy provide pain relief? BJU Int 2009. 104: 506.

87. Mariappan P. et al. Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience. Eur Urol 2010. 57: 843.

88. https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/#note_111, Figure 5.1: Bladder diagram (Last access on October, 2019).

89. Kausch I. et al. Photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol 2010. 57: 595.

90. Mowatt G. et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer compared with white light cystoscopy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2011. 27: 3.

91. Neuzillet Y. et al. Assessment of diagnostic gain with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) in the setting of newly diagnosed non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with positive results on urine cytology. Urol Oncol 2014. 32: 1135.

92. Draga R.O. et al. Photodynamic diagnosis (5-aminolevulinic acid) of transitional cell carcinoma after bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy and mitomycin C intravesical therapy. Eur Urol 2010. 57: 655.

93. Ray E.R. et al. Hexylaminolaevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in patients previously treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin. BJU Int 2010. 105: 789.

94. Stenzl A. et al. Hexaminolevulinate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2010. 184: 1907.

95. Zheng C. et al. Narrow band imaging diagnosis of bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int 2012. 110: E680.

96. Drejer D. et al. Clinical relevance of narrow-band imaging in flexible cystoscopy: the DaBlaCa-7 study. Scand J Urol 2017. 51: 120.

97. Kim S.B. et al. Detection and recurrence rate of transurethral resection of bladder tumors by narrow-band imaging: Prospective, randomized comparison with white light cystoscopy. Investig Clin Urol 2018. 59: 98.

98. Ye Z. et al. A comparison of NBI and WLI cystoscopy in detecting non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A prospective, randomized and multi-center study. Sci Rep 2015. 5: 10905.

99. Naito S. et al. The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES) Multicentre Randomised Trial of Narrow Band Imaging-Assisted Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) Versus Conventional White Light Imaging-Assisted TURBT in Primary Non-Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Patients: Trial Protocol and 1-year Results. Eur Urol 2016. 70: 506.

100. van der Meijden A. et al. Significance of bladder biopsies in Ta, T1 bladder tumors: a report from the EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. EORTC-GU Group Superficial Bladder Committee. Eur Urol 1999. 35: 267.

101. Hara T. et al. Risk of concomitant carcinoma in situ determining biopsy candidates among primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: retrospective analysis of 173 Japanese cases. Int J Urol 2009. 16: 293.

102. Palou J. et al. Female gender and carcinoma in situ in the prostatic urethra are prognostic factors for recurrence, progression, and disease-specific mortality in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol 2012. 62: 118.

103. Mungan M.U. et al. Risk factors for mucosal prostatic urethral involvement in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol 2005. 48: 760.

104. DeGeorge K.C. et al. Bladder Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2017 Oct 15; 96(8): 507 - 514.

105. Babjuk M. et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (TaT1 and Carcinoma In Situ) - 2019 Update. Eur Urol. 2019 Nov; 76(5): 639 - 657. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.08.016. Epub 2019 Aug 20.

106. Choyke P.L. Radiologic evaluation of hematuria: guidelines from the American College of Radiology's appropriateness criteria. Am Fam Physician 2008. 78: 347.

107. Palou J. et al. Multivariate analysis of clinical parameters of synchronous primary superficial bladder cancer and upper urinary tract tumor. J Urol 2005. 174: 859.

108. F. et al. Upper urinary tract tumors after primary superficial bladder tumors: prognostic factors and risk groups. J Urol 2000. 164: 1183.

109. Kundra V. et al. Imaging in oncology from the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Imaging in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of cancer of the urinary bladder. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003. 180: 1045.

110. Huang L. et al. The Diagnostic Value of MR Imaging in Differentiating T Staging of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Radiology 2018. 286: 502.

111. Barentsz J.O. et al. Primary staging of urinary bladder carcinoma: the role of MRI and a comparison with CT. Eur Radiol 1996. 6: 129.

112. Girvin F. et al. Pulmonary nodules: detection, assessment, and CAD. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008. 191: 1057

113. Heidenreich A. et al. Imaging studies in metastatic urogenital cancer patients undergoing systemic therapy: recommendations of a multidisciplinary consensus meeting of the Association of Urological Oncology of the German Cancer Society. Urol Int 2010. 85: 1.

114. Vind-Kezunovic S. et al. Detection of Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Bladder Cancer using Maximum Standardised Uptake Value and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography: Results from a High-volume Centre Including Long-term Follow-up. Eur Urol Focus 2017.

115. Lauenstein T.C. et al. Whole-body MR imaging: evaluation of patients for metastases. Radiology 2004. 233: 139.

116. Schmidt G.P. et al. Whole-body MR imaging of bone marrow. Eur J Radiol 2005. 55: 33.

117. Brausi M. et al. Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies. Eur Urol 2002. 41: 523.

118. Grimm M.O. et al. Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J Urol 2003. 170: 433.

119. Divrik R.T. et al. The effect of repeat transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with T1 tumors of the bladder who received intravesical mitomycin: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Urol 2006. 175: 1641.

120. Dalbagni G. et al. Clinical outcome in a contemporary series of restaged patients with clinical T1 bladder cancer. Eur Urol 2009. 56: 903.

121. Palou J. et al. Recurrence, progression and cancer-specific mortality according to stage at re-TUR in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with BCG: not as bad as previously thought. World J Urol 2018. 36: 1621.

122. Baltaci S. et al. Significance of the interval between first and second transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with maintenance intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. BJU Int 2015. 116: 721.

123. Kramer M.W. et al. En bloc resection of urothelium carcinoma of the bladder (EBRUC): a European multicenter study to compare safety, efficacy, and outcome of laser and electrical en bloc transurethral resection of bladder tumor. World J Urol 2015. 33: 1937.

124. Hurle R. et al. "En Bloc" Resection of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Single-center Study. Urology 2016. 90: 126.

125. Migliari R. et al. Thulium Laser Endoscopic En Bloc Enucleation of Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Endourol 2015. 29: 1258.

126. Zhang X.R. et al. Two Micrometer Continuous-Wave Thulium Laser Treating Primary Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Is It Feasible? A Randomized Prospective Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2015. 33: 517.

127. Pfister C. et al. Efficacy and tolerance of one-third full dose bacillus maintenance therapy every 3 months or 6 months: Two year results of URO-BCG-4 multicenter study//International Journal of Urology. - 2015. - Т. 22. - N. 1. - С. 53 - 60.

128. Raj, G.V., et al. Treatment paradigm shift may improve survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol, 2007. 177: 1283.

129. Lamm D.L. Carcinoma in situ. Urol Clin North Am 1992. 19: 499.

130. Losa A. et al. Low dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ of the bladder: long-term results. J Urol 2000. 163: 68.

131. Griffiths T.R. et al. Treatment of carcinoma in situ with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin without maintenance. J Urol 2002. 167: 2408.

132. Takenaka A. et al. Clinical outcomes of bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation therapy for carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder. Int J Urol 2008. 15: 309.

133. Fernandez-Gomez J. et al. Predicting non-muscle invasive bladder cancer recurrence and progression in patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: the CUETO scoring model. J Urol 2009. 182: 2195.

134. Fernandez-Gomez J. et al. The EORTC tables overestimate the risk of recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: external validation of the EORTC risk tables. Eur Urol 2011. 60: 423.

135. Palou J. et al. Recurrence at three months and high-grade recurrence as prognostic factor of progression in multivariate analysis of T1G2 bladder tumors. Urology 2009. 73: 1313.

136. Solsona E. et al. The 3-month clinical response to intravesical therapy as a predictive factor for progression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 2000. 164: 685.

137. van Gils-Gielen R.J. et al. Risk factors in carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Dutch South East Cooperative Urological Group. Urology 1995. 45: 581.

138. Huguet J. et al. Cystectomy in patients with high risk superficial bladder tumors who fail intravesical BCG therapy: pre-cystectomy prostate involvement as a prognostic factor. Eur Urol 2005. 48: 53.

139. Fritsche H.M. et al. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with clinical T1 grade 3 urothelial carcinoma treated with radical cystectomy: results from an international cohort. Eur Urol 2010. 57: 300.

140. May M. et al. Pathological upstaging detected in radical cystectomy procedures is associated with a significantly worse tumour-specific survival rate for patients with clinical T1 urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Scand J UrolNephrol 2011. 45: 251.

141. Shariat S.F. et al. Discrepancy between clinical and pathologic stage: impact on prognosis after radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 2007. 51: 137.

142. Moschini M. et al. Comparing long-term outcomes of primary and progressive carcinoma invading bladder muscle after radical cystectomy. BJU Int 2016. 117: 604.

143. Schrier B.P. et al. Prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: difference between primary and progressive tumours and implications for therapy. Eur Urol 2004. 45: 292.

144. Kamat A.M. et al. The case for early cystectomy in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive micropapillary bladder carcinoma. J Urol 2006. 175: 881.

145. Stein J.P. et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1054 patients. J Clin Oncol 2001. 19: 666.

146. Hautmann R.E. et al. Radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy: long-term results in 1100 patients. Eur Urol 2012. 61: 1039.

147. Shariat S.F. et al. Outcomes of radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary series from the Bladder Cancer Research Consortium. J Urol 2006. 176: 2414.

148. Hautmann R.E. et al. Urinary diversion. Urology 2007. 69: 17.

149. Miller D.C. et al. The impact of co-morbid disease on cancer control and survival following radical cystectomy. J Urol 2003. 169: 105.

150. Extermann M. et al. Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1998. 16: 1582.

151. Bruins H.M. et al. The effect of the time interval between diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer and radical cystectomy on staging and survival: A Netherlands Cancer Registry analysis. Urol Oncol 2016. 34: 166.e1.

152. Ayres B.E. et al. A delay in radical cystectomy of > 3 months is not associated with a worse clinical outcome. BJU Int 2008. 102: 1045.

153. Shabsigh A. et al. Defining early morbidity of radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer using a standardized reporting methodology. Eur Urol 2009. 55: 164.

154. Ok J.H. et al. Medical and surgical palliative care of patients with urological malignancies. J Urol 2005. 174: 1177.

155. Ubrig B. et al. Extraperitoneal bilateral cutaneous ureterostomy with midline stoma for palliation of pelvic cancer. Urology 2004. 63: 973.

156. Zebic N. et al. Radical cystectomy in patients aged > or = 75 years: an updated review of patients treated with curative and palliative intent. BJU Int 2005. 95: 1211.

157. Nielsen M.E. et al. Association of hospital volume with conditional 90-day mortality after cystectomy: an analysis of the National Cancer Data Base. BJU Int 2014. 114: 46.

158. Lebret T. et al. After cystectomy, is it justified to perform a bladder replacement for patients with lymph node positive bladder cancer? Eur Urol 2002. 42: 344.

159. Mertens L.S. et al. Prostate sparing cystectomy for bladder cancer: 20-year single center experience. J Urol 2014. 191: 1250.

160. Stenzl A. et al. Cystectomy - Technical Considerations in Male and Female Patients. EAU Update Series 2005. 3: 138.

161. Simone G. et al. Stage-specific impact of extended versus standard pelvic lymph node dissection in radical cystectomy. Int J Urol 2013. 20: 390.

162. Holmer M. et al. Extended lymph node dissection in patients with urothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder: can it make a difference? World J Urol 2009. 27: 521.

163. Jensen J.B. et al. Extended versus limited lymph node dissection in radical cystectomy: impact on recurrence pattern and survival. Int J Urol 2012. 19: 39.

164. Zlotta A.R. Limited, extended, superextended, megaextended pelvic lymph node dissection at the time of radical cystectomy: what should we perform? Eur Urol 2012. 61: 243.

165. Zehnder P. et al. Super extended versus extended pelvic lymph node dissection in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a comparative study. J Urol 2011. 186: 1261.

166. Abol-Enein H. et al. Does the extent of lymphadenectomy in radical cystectomy for bladder cancer influence disease-free survival? A prospective single-center study. Eur Urol 2011. 60: 572.

167. Dharaskar A. et al. Does extended lymph node dissection affect the lymph node density and survival after radical cystectomy? Indian J Cancer 2011. 48: 230.

168. Liu J.-J. et al. 1404. Practice patterns of pelvic lymph node dissection for radical cystectomy from the Veterans Affairs Central Cancer Registry (VACCR). J Urol 185: e562.

169. Simone G. et al. 1755. Extended versus super-extended PLND during radical cystectomy: comparison of two prospective series. J Urol 187: e708.

170. Bostrom P.J. et al. 1595. Extended lymphadenectomy and chemotherapy and chemotherapy offer survival advantage in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Urol. 185: e640.

171. Mandel P. et al. Extent of lymph node dissection and recurrence-free survival after radical cystectomy: a meta-analysis. Urol Oncol 2014. 32: 1184.

172. Bi L. et al. Extended vs non-extended pelvic lymph node dissection and their influence on recurrence-free survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. BJU Int 2014. 113: E39.

173. Schneider, M.P., Burkhard, F.C. Management of Incontinence After Orthotopic Bladder Substitution Post-Radical Cystectomy. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep 14, 125 - 129 (2019) doi: 10.1007/s11884-019-00517-8

174. Novara G. et al. Systematic review and cumulative analysis of perioperative outcomes and complications after robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 2015. 67: 376.

175. Wilson T.G. et al. Best practices in robot-assisted radical cystectomy and urinary reconstruction: recommendations of the Pasadena Consensus Panel. Eur Urol 2015. 67: 363.

176. Bochner B.H. et al. Comparing Open Radical Cystectomy and Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Eur Urol 2015. 67: 1042.

177. Yuh B. et al. Systematic review and cumulative analysis of oncologic and functional outcomes after robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Eur Urol 2015. 67: 402.

178. Hautmann R.E. et al. Lessons learned from 1000 neobladders: the 90-day complication rate. J Urol 2010. 184: 990.

179. Ahmadi H. et al. Urinary functional outcome following radical cystoprostatectomy and ileal neobladder reconstruction in male patients. J Urol 2013. 189: 1782.

180. Suzuki K. et al. Comparison of the Perioperative and Postoperative Outcomes of Ileal Conduit and Cutaneous Ureterostomy: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Urol. Int. 2019. Urol Int. 2019 Dec 18: 1 - 7. doi: 10.1159/000504681

181. Kilciler M. et al. Comparison of ileal conduit and transureteroureterostomy with ureterocutaneostomy urinary diversion. Urol Int 2006. 77: 245.

182. Nieuwenhuijzen J.A. et al. Urinary diversions after cystectomy: the association of clinical factors, complications and functional results of four different diversions. Eur Urol 2008. 53: 834.

183. Madersbacher S. et al. Long-term outcome of ileal conduit diversion. J Urol 2003. 169: 985.

184. Wood D.N. et al. Stomal complications of ileal conduits are significantly higher when formed in women with intractable urinary incontinence. J Urol 2004. 172: 2300.

185. Neal D.E. Complications of ileal conduit diversion in adults with cancer followed up for at least five years. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985. 290: 1695.

186. Benson M.C. et al. Continent urinary diversion. Urol Clin North Am 1999. 26: 125.

187. Gerharz E.W. et al. Ten years' experience with the submucosally embedded in situ appendix in continent cutaneous diversion. Eur Urol 2001. 40: 625.

188. Jonsson O. et al. Long-time experience with the Kock ileal reservoir for continent urinary diversion. Eur Urol 2001. 40: 632.

189. Wiesner C. et al. Continent cutaneous urinary diversion: long-term follow-up of more than 800 patients with ileocecal reservoirs. World J Urol 2006. 24: 315.

190. Wiesner C. et al. Long-term follow-up of the intussuscepted ileal nipple and the in situ submucosally embedded appendix as continence mechanisms of continent urinary diversion with the cutaneous ileocecal pouch (Mainz pouch I). J Urol 2006. 176: 155.

191. Stein J.P. et al. Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of a standard procedure. World J Urol 2006. 24: 296.

192. Hautmann R.E. et al. Long-term results of standard procedures in urology: the ileal neobladder. World J Urol 2006. 24: 305.

193. Gakis G. et al. [Benefits and risks of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in female patients]. AktuelleUrol 2011. 42: 109.

194. Yossepowitch O. et al. Orthotopic urinary diversion after cystectomy for bladder cancer: implications for cancer control and patterns of disease recurrence. J Urol 2003. 169: 177.

195. Efstathiou, J.A., et al. Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 705.

196. Giacalone, N.J., et al. Long-term Outcomes After Bladder-preserving Trimodality Therapy for Patients with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: An Updated Analysis of the Massachusetts General Hospital Experience. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 952

197. Suer, E., et al. Significance of second transurethral resection on patient outcomes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with bladder-preserving multimodal therapy. World J Urol, 2016. 34: 847.

198. Ploussard, G., et al. Critical analysis of bladder sparing with trimodal therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 120.

199. Solsona E. et al. Feasibility of radical transurethral resection as monotherapy for selected patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2010. 184: 475.

200. Luca S., Mihaescu T. History of BCG Vaccine. Maedica (Buchar) 2013; 8(1): 53 - 8.

201. Morales A. et al. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 1976. 116: 180.

202. Palou, J., et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. Urology, 2007. 69: 50.

203. Bohle A. et al. Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology 2004. 63: 682.

204. J.A. et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized prospective trial comparing a standard 81 mg dose of intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin with a reduced dose of 27 mg in superficial bladder cancer. BJU Int 2002. 89: 671.

205. Ojea A. et al. A multicentre, randomised prospective trial comparing three intravesical adjuvant therapies for intermediate-risk superficial bladder cancer: low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (27 mg) versus very low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (13.5 mg) versus mitomycin C. Eur Urol 2007. 52: 1398.

206. Sylvester R.J. et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 2002. 168: 1964

207. van der Meijden A.P. et al. Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Ta T1 bladder tumors is not associated with increased toxicity: results from a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group Phase III Trial. Eur Urol 2003. 44: 429.

208. Herr H.W. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin outcomes in patients with bladder cancer and asymptomatic bacteriuria. J Urol 2012. 187: 435.

209. Herr H.W. Outpatient urological procedures in antibiotic-naive patients with bladder cancer with asymptomatic bacteriuria. BJU Int 2012. 110: E658.

210. Lamm D.L. et al. Incidence and treatment of complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 1992. 147: 596.

211. Sylvester R.J. et al. Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials Comparing a Single Immediate Instillation of Chemotherapy After Transurethral Resection with Transurethral Resection Alone in Patients with Stage pTa-pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Which Patients Benefit from the Instillation? Eur Urol 2016. 69: 231.

212. Sylvester R.J. et al. The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials. Eur Urol 2008. 53: 709.

213. Huncharek M. et al. Impact of intravesical chemotherapy on recurrence rate of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: results of a meta-analysis. Anticancer Res 2001. 21: 765.

214. Bohle A. et al. Single postoperative instillation of gemcitabine in patients with non-muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III multicentre study. Eur Urol 2009. 56: 495.

215. Giesbers A.A. et al. Recurrence of superficial bladder carcinoma after intravesical instillation of mitomycin-C. Comparison of exposure times. Br J Urol 1989. 63: 176.

216. Au J.L. et al. Methods to improve efficacy of intravesical mitomycin C: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001. 93: 597.

217. Kuroda M. et al. Effect of prophylactic treatment with intravesical epirubicin on recurrence of superficial bladder cancer - The 6th Trial of the Japanese Urological Cancer Research Group (JUCRG): a randomized trial of intravesical epirubicin at dose of 20mg/40ml, 30mg/40ml, 40mg/40ml. Eur Urol 2004. 45: 600.

218. Bohle A. et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity. J Urol 2003. 169: 90.

219. Shelley M.D. et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to mitomycin C in reducing tumour recurrence in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. BJU Int 2004. 93: 485.

220. Dalbagni G. et al. Cystectomy for bladder cancer: a contemporary series. J Urol 2001. 165: 1111.

221. Bassi P. et al. Prognostic factors of outcome after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a retrospective study of a homogeneous patient cohort. J Urol 1999. 161: 1494.

222. David K.A. et al. Low incidence of perioperative chemotherapy for stage III bladder cancer 1998 to 2003: a report from the National Cancer Data Base. J Urol 2007. 178: 451.

223. Porter M.P. et al. Patterns of use of systemic chemotherapy for Medicare beneficiaries with urothelial bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2011. 29: 252.

224. von der Maase, H., et al. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23: 4602.

225. De Santis, M., et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30: 191.

226. Lehmann, J., et al. Adjuvant cisplatin plus methotrexate versus methotrexate, vinblastine, epirubicin, and cisplatin in locally advanced bladder cancer: results of a randomized, multicenter, phase III trial (AUO-AB 05/95). J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23: 4963.

227. Plimack, E.R., et al. Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is safe, effective, and efficient neoadjuvant treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study with molecular correlates of response and toxicity. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 1895.

228. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2003. 361: 1927.

229. Sylvester, R., et al. The role of adjuvant combination chemotherapy after cystectomy in locally advanced bladder cancer: what we do not know and why. Ann Oncol, 2000. 11: 851.

230. Sylvester R. et al. The role of adjuvant combination chemotherapy after cystectomy in locally advanced bladder cancer: what we do not know and why. Ann Oncol 2000. 11: 851.

231. Donat S.M. et al. Potential impact of postoperative early complications on the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a high-volume tertiary cancer center experience. Eur Urol 2009. 55: 177.

232. Studer U.E. et al. Adjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy following cystectomy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective randomized trial. J Urol 1994. 152: 81.

233. Stadler W.M. et al. Long-term survival in phase II trials of gemcitabine plus cisplatin for advanced transitional cell cancer. Urol Oncol 2002. 7: 153.

234. von der Maase H. et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Sep; 18(17): 3068 - 77.

235. Sternberg C.N. Perioperative chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer to enhance survival and/or as a strategy for bladder preservation. Semin Oncol 2007. 34: 122.

236. Rosenberg J.E. et al. Update on chemotherapy for advanced bladder cancer. J Urol 2005. 174: 14.

237. Sternberg C.N. et al. Gemcitabine, paclitaxel, pemetrexed and other newer agents in urothelial and kidney cancers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003. 46 Suppl: S105.

238. Bellmunt J. et al. New therapeutic challenges in advanced bladder cancer. Semin Oncol 2012. 39: 598.

239. Sternberg C.N. et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924. J Clin Oncol 2001. 19: 2638.

240. Galsky M.D. et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer "unfit" for Cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2011. 29: 2432.

241. De Santis M. et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer "unfit" for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: phase II--results of EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol 2009. 27: 5634.

242. Culine S. et al. A phase II study of vinflunine in bladder cancer patients progressing after first-line platinum-containing regimen. Br J Cancer 2006. 94: 1395.

243. O'Donnell P.H. et al. Pembrolizumab (Pembro; MK-3475) for advanced urothelial cancer: Results of a phase IB study. J Clin Oncol 2015. 33: 296.

244. Balar A.V. et al. Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm multicentre phase 2 trial. Lancet 2017. 389: 67.

245. Powles T. et al. MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer. Nature 2014. 515: 558.

246. Sharma P. et al. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2017. 18: 312.

247. Apolo A.B. et al. Avelumab, an Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody, In Patients With Refractory Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Results From a Multicenter, Phase Ib Study. J Clin Oncol 2017. 35: 2117.

248. Powles T. et al. Efficacy and Safety of Durvalumab in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Updated Results From a Phase 1/2 Open-label Study. JAMA Oncol 2017. 3: e172411.

249. Yucai Wang et al. Treatment-Related Adverse Events of PD-1 and PD-L1 Inhibitors in Clinical Trials A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Apr 25. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.0393.

250. Oken M.M. et al. Toxicity and response criteria of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Clin Oncol 1982; 5(6): 649 - 55.

251. Karnofsky D.A., Burchenal J.H. The clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. In: Evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents. Edited by MacLeod C. New York: Columbia University Press; 1949: 191 - 205.

252. Гомболевский В.А., Лайпан А.Ш., Шапиев А.Н., Владзимирский А.В., Морозов С.П. (ред.). Методические рекомендации по применению критериев ответа солидных опухолей на химиотерапевтическое лечение (RECIST 1.1). Методические рекомендации N 46; 2018.

254. De Bruijn E.A., et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of intravesical mitomycin C upon diferent dwelling times. Int J Cancer 1992; 51(3): 359 - 64.

255. Kamat A.M. et al. Defining and Treating the Spectrum of Intermediate-Risk NMIBC. J Urol. 2014 Aug; 192(2): 305 - 315.

256. De Luca R. et al. Vinflunine in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder in Progression after a Platinum-Containing Regimen. Oncology. 2019 Aug 28: 1 - 7. doi: 10.1159/000502116.

257. Bellmunt, J., et al. Pembrolizumab as Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2017. 376: 1015.

258. Tripathi A. et al. Immunotherapy for Urothelial Carcinoma: Current Evidence and Future Directions. CurrUrolRep. 2018 Nov 7; 19(12): 109. doi: 10.1007/s11934-018-0851-7.]

259. Hafeez, S., et al. Clinical Outcomes of Image Guided Adaptive Hypofractionated Weekly Radiation Therapy for Bladder Cancer in Patients Unsuitable for Radical Treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2017. 98: 115.

260. Tonoli, S., et al. Radical radiotherapy for bladder cancer: retrospective analysis of a series of 459 patients treated in an Italian institution. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2006. 18: 52

261. Blank LE, Koedooder K, van Os R, et al. Results of bladder-conserving treatment, consisting of brachytherapy combined with limited surgery and external beam radiotherapy, for patients with solitary T1 - T3 bladder tumours less than 5 cm in diameter. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 69: 454 - 458.

262. Koning CC, Blank LE, Koedooder C, et al. Brachytherapy after external beam radiotherapy and limited surgery preserves bladders for patients with solitary pT1 - pT3 bladder tumors. Ann Oncol. 2012; 23: 2948 - 2953.

263. Van der Steen-Banasik EM, Visser AG, Reinders JG, et al. Saving bladders with brachytherapy: implantation technique and results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002; 3: 622 - 629.

264. Korpics, M., et al. Maximizing survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing curative bladder-preserving radiotherapy: the impact of radiotherapy dose escalation. JRadiat Oncol, 2017. 6: 387.

265. Diaz, D.A., et al. Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy Improves Survival in Patients With T2b/T3 Bladder Cancer: A Population-Based Analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2015. 13: 378.

266. Smith JA Jr. et al. Treatment of advanced bladder cancer with combined preoperative irradiation and radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy alone: a phase III intergroup study. J Urol, 1997. 157: 805.

267. Ghoneim MA. et al. Randomized trial of cystectomy with or without preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder. J Urol, 1985. 134: 266.

268. Zaghloul, M.S. The need to revisit adjuvant and neoadjuvant radiotherapy in bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2010. 10: 1527.

269. El-Monim, H.A., et al. A prospective randomized trial for postoperative vs. preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2013. 31: 359.

270. Bayoumi, Y., et al. Survival benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy in stage III and IV bladder cancer: results of 170 patients. Cancer Manag Res, 2014. 6: 459.

271. Berger AP. et al. Photodynamic therapy with intravesical instillation of 5-aminolevulinic acid for patients with recurrent superficial bladder cancer: a single-center study. Urology. 2003 Feb; 61(2): 338 - 41

272. Oberle AD. et al. Optimizing Nutrition Prior to Radical Cystectomy. CurrUrol Rep. 2018 Oct 18; 19(12): 99. doi: 10.1007/s11934-018-0854-4.

273. Rammant E. et al. A Systematic Review of Exercise and Psychosocial Rehabilitation Interventions to Improve Health-Related Outcomes in Patients With Bladder Cancer Undergoing Radical Cystectomy. Clin Rehabil, 32(5), 594 - 606 May 2018

274. Smith J, Pruthi RS, McGrath J. Enhanced recovery programmes for patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Nat Rev Urol. 2014; 11(8): 437 - 44.

275. Silverdale N. et al. Massage and reflexology for post-operative cancer cystectomy patients: Evaluation of a pilot service. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2019 Feb; 34: 109 - 112. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp. 2018.11.010. Epub 2018 Nov 14.

276. Mehling WE, Jacobs B, Acree M, et al.: Symptom management with massage and acupuncture in postoperative cancer patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Pain Symptom Manage 33 (3): 258 - 66, 2007.

277. Muzi JL et al. Low-level laser therapy for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 2012) 9019-9019 54)

278. Rick O. et al. Magnetic field therapy in patients with cytostatics-induced polyneuropathy: A prospective randomized placebo-controlled phase-III study. Bioelectromagnetics, 38(2), 85 - 94.

279. Soukup, V., et al. Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 290.

280. Mariappan, P., et al. A surveillance schedule for G1Ta bladder cancer allowing efficient use of check cystoscopy and safe discharge at 5 years based on a 25-year prospective database. J Urol, 2005. 173: 1108.

281. van der Aa, M.N., et al. Cystoscopy revisited as the gold standard for detecting bladder cancer recurrence: diagnostic review bias in the randomized, prospective CEFUB trial. J Urol, 2010. 183: 76.

282. Niwa, N., et al. Comparison of outcomes between ultrasonography and cystoscopy in the surveillance of patients with initially diagnosed TaG1-2 bladder cancers: A matched-pair analysis. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 386 e15

283. Salmanoglu E. et al. A glance at imaging bladder cancer. Clin Transl Imaging. 2018 Aug; 6(4): 257 - 269. doi: 10.1007/s40336-018-0284-9

284. Zuiverloon TCM. et al. Recommendations for follow-up of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: A consensus by the international bladder cancer network. Urol Oncol. 2018 Sep; 36(9): 423 - 431. doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2018.01.014. Epub 2018 Mar 2.

285. Hurle R. et al. Active Surveillance for Low Risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Confirmatory and Resource Consumption Study from the BIAS Project. J Urol. 2018 Feb; 199(2): 401 - 406. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.08.091. Epub 2017 Aug 26

286. Bellmunt J. et al. Bladder cancer: ESMO Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014 Sep; 25 Suppl 3: iii40 - 8. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu223. Epub 2014 Aug 5

287. Bus MT. et al. Urothelial carcinoma in the upper urinary tract: developments in diagnostics, treatment and follow-up. NedTijdschrGeneeskd. 2014; 158: A7347. Review. Dutch.

288. Kari M. et al. Alternative dosing regimens for atezolizumab: an example of model-informed drug development in the postmarketing setting. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2019; 84(6): 1257 - 1267.

289. https://reference.medscape.com/drug/keytruda-pembrolizumab-999962

290. http://www.ascopost.com/News/48325?utm_medium=Email&utm_source=ExactTarget&utm_campaign=&utm_term=6301683 (Accessed on February 03, 2017).

291. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/125554s048s049s050s051s052s061s062s064s065s066lbl.pdf (Accessed on March 26, 2018).

292. Gonzalez M. et al. Functional and Objective Results of Urinary Undiversions in Oncologic Patients. Urology. 2018 Oct; 120: 244 - 247. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2018.06.030. Epub 2018 Jun 30.

293. Choueiri T. et al. Neoadjuvant dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin with pegfilgrastim support in muscle-invasive urothelial cancer: pathologic, radiologic, and biomarker correlates. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Jun 20; 32(18): 1889 - 94. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2013.52.4785. Epub 2014 May 12.

294. Sundahl N. et al. Pembrolizumab for the treatment of bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2018 Feb; 18(2): 107 - 114. doi: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1421461. Epub 2017 Dec 29.

295. Stadler WM. et al. Phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine in previously untreated patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Nov; 15(11): 3394 - 8.

296. Bamias A, Aravantinos G, Deliveliotis C, et al: Docetaxel and cisplatin with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) versus MVAC with G-CSF in advanced urothelial carcinoma: A multicenter, randomized, phase III study from the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 22: 220 - 228, 2004

297. Dreicer R, Manola J, Roth BJ, et al: Phase III trial of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin versus carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with advanced carcinoma of the urothelium. Cancer 100: 1639 - 1645, 2004

298. Loehrer PJ Sr, Einhorn LH, Elson PJ, et al: A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: A cooperative group study. J Clin Oncol 10: 1066 - 1073, 1992

299. Balar AV. et al. Pembrolizumab as first-line therapy in cisplatin-ineligible advanced urothelial cancer: results from the total KEYNOTE-052 study population. J Clin Oncol. 2017; 35 (suppl 6): 284 - 285.